Vertebrate Mitochondrial Codon

Gene Expression: Transcription

Structure of Mature mRNA

The Impact of Alternative RNA Splicing

mRNA Decay

Abnormal Translational Events Leading to Accelerated mRNA Decay

To Explore Gene Regulation

Loss-of-function vs. Gain-of-function

Gene Manipulations

Factors Influencing Transfection Efficiency

Recombinant Bacteria

Question: What's genomic library?

Restriction Enzyme

Human Genome Project

Question:Which technique can be applied to measure gene expression?Hybridization-based techniquesPCR-based techniquesSequence-based techniquesAll of them

Comparative Gene-expression Analysis

Question:Which hybridization technique can be used to detect the amount of polysaccharide?Eastern blottingWestern blottingSouthern blottingNorthern blotting

Agarose gels to resolve large fragments of DNA Polyacrylamide gelsto separate shorter nucleic acids, generally in the range of 1−1000 base pairs, based on the concentration used Gels without a denaturant (e.g., SDS): native gelsSecondary structure affects

Blurry bands Too much DNA (100−250 ng/mm well width) Too much saltBands in the wrong place Heat nucleic acids before running on a native gelRun gel >20 V/cm ( run gel slowly  sharper bands)Gel temp. >30 °CLoading buffer floats away Some salts built up i

Question: Which gel for running microRNA samples?

Hybridization-based techniques1

Northern Blotting normalization

Hybridization-based techniques2

Microarray Platforms

Advantages:Favor small sample sizeHigh throughput: gather data on thousands of genes (genome) in a single experimentQuantitative analysisApplication:Gene expressionGenotyping-polymorphisms (SNP) and copy number variationBinding site identification: ChIP-o

High Throughput of Traditional Experiment