Background

Background

除了氣體交換(吸氧排二氧化碳)外, 呼吸系統還有那些功能?

Functions of Respiratory Sys.

Overview

Structure of Respiratory Sys.

Structure of Respiratory Sys.

Function of Nasal Passage

Comparison of Airway Structure

Airways of a Human Lung

Main Airway Branches & Zones

Main Airway Branches & Zones

Alveoli

The Human Lung

Blood Supply of Lungs

Respiratory Muscles_inspiration

Respiratory Muscles_expiration

那種呼吸比較有效率?為什麼?

Pleural layers

Cross Section of the Thoracic Cavity

Intrapleural Space

Pneumothorax

Instrument for Measuring Lung Vol.

Spirometer, Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung Volumes and Capacities

什麼時候正常吐氣結束?

Functional Residual Capacity

Measurement of FRC

Functional Residual Capacity

Measurement of FRC

Measurement of FRC

Ventilation (通氣量)

Dead Space (死腔)

Fowler’s Method:Single-Breath Nitrogen Washout

Bohr’s Method:Conservation of Mass

Dalton’s Law

Bohr’s Method (2)

Alveolar Ventilation

Alveolar Ventilation

Uneven Ventilation inUpright Position

Cause of the Regional Differences of Ventilation

Closing Volume

Closing Volume

Partial Pressures of Gases in Various Parts

O2 and CO2 Concentrations in Exhaled Gas

Overview of Po2 and Pco2

改變呼吸方式可改變那種氣體的分壓?

Hyper-, Hypo-ventilation & Hyperpnea

跑步後很喘,如何快速回到正常的呼吸速率?

Hyperpnea

How to measure PAO2?

Alveolar Gas Equation

Respiratory Quotient (呼吸商)

Alveolar Gas Equation

Reasons to Understand the Alveolar Gas Equation

Case Study

Perfusion (灌流量)

Shunt (分流)

Shunt Equation

Uneven Perfusion in Upright Position

Zone Model

Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

Matching of Ventilation & Perfusion

Mis-matching of Ventilation & Perfusion

V/Q受什麼影響?

Matching of Ventilation & Perfusion

Distribution of V and Q Within the Lung in the Upright Position

Distribution of V /Q Ratio

V/Q如何影響氣體的分壓?

Effects of V /Q Ratio on PAo2 & PAco2

Effects of V /Q Ratio on PAo2 & PAco2

V /Q v.s. Po2 & Pco2

V /Q Inequality of Normal Lung in the Upright Position

Riley’s Three Compartment Model

Riley’s Three Compartment Model

Gas Exchange Computer Lab

Key Points

General Concepts and Terminology

General Concepts and Terminology

PL = Pal – Ppl(1)Pw = Ppl – Pbs(2)(1) + (2)Prs = PL + Pw = Pal – Pbsa) Pbs =0  Pw = Ppl = Pes Prs = Palb) Pao = VRaw + Pal When flow=0, Pao = Pal = Prsc) PL = Pal – Ppl = Pao|flow=0 – Pes

PL = Pal – Ppl(1)Pw = Ppl – Pbs(2)(1) + (2)Prs = PL + Pw = Pal – Pbsa) Pbs =0  Pw = Ppl = Pes Prs = Palb) Pao = VRaw + Pal When flow=0, Pao = Pal = Prsc) PL = Pal – Ppl = Pao|flow=0 – Pes

Static Mechanical Properties

Compliance Changes in Different Diseases

Calculation of Compliance of Lung

Resistance

The Airway Resistance

The Airway Resistance

The Airway Resistance

The Airway Resistance

Calculation of Dynamic Resistance

Evaluation of Airway Resistance

Evaluation of Abnormality in Lung Vol.

Flow-volume Curves

Isovolume Pressure-flow Curves

Flow-Volume Relationship

Dynamic Airway Compression

EPP is Influenced by Lung Elastic Recoil

Pursed Lip Breathing (噘嘴吐氣)

Abnormality in Lung Vol.

Interpretation of Flow-Vol Loop

Obstructive Lung Vol. Defect

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (慢性阻塞性肺病; COPD)

Emphysema (肺氣腫)

Asthma (氣喘)

吸煙豬肺影片

Restrictive Lung Vol. Defect

Examples of Restrictive Lung Dz.

做那些動作使呼吸效率增加?為什麼?

Hysteresis

Surface Tension

Law of LaPlace

Surfactants

Importance of Lung Surfactant

Work of Breathing

Effects of Diseases on PV Curve

為什麼肺氣腫的病人每次的呼吸都很吃力?

Effects of Diseases on PV Curve

PL = Pal – Ppl(1)Pw = Ppl – Pbs(2)(1) + (2)Prs = PL + Pw = Pal – Pbsa) Pbs =0  Pw = Ppl = Pes Prs = Palb) Pao = VRaw + Pal When flow=0, Pao = Pal = Prsc) PL = Pal – Ppl = Pao|flow=0 – Pes

Elastic Recoil of the Chest Wall

Elastic Recoil of the Chest Wall

Lung-Chest Wall Couplingin Static Status at Different Lung Volume

Lung-chest Wall Coupling to Determine FRC

Static Elastic Properties of the Lung and Chest Wall

Static Elastic Properties of the Lung and Chest Wall

Transmural Pressure Across the Lung Wall in Dynamic Status

The Mechanics of Quiet Breathing

P-V Relationships and Schematic Events of Resp. Cycle

P-V Relationships and Schematic Events of Resp. Cycle

Diffusion and Gas Transport

Alveolo-Capillary Barrier

Diffusion

Diffusion Capacity

Diffusion Capacity

Physiologic Changes That Alter Diffusion Capacity

Capillary Transit Time

Perfusion-limited Gas

Diffusion-limited Gas

Diffusion and Perfusion Limitations

Interpretation of Pulmonary Function Test

Blood Gas Measurement

Hemoglobin

O2 Bound to Hb

What does pulse oximeter measure?O2 dissolved in the blood plasmaO2 bound with hemoglobin

What does pulse oximeter measure?O2 dissolved in the blood plasmaO2 bound with hemoglobin

Cooperative Interactions

O2 Bound to Hb

O2 Bound to Hb

Factors Affecting O2 Bound to Hb

CO2 Transport

CO2 Transport

CO2 Equilibrium Curve

Questions

Control of Respiration

Overview

Receptors

Receptors

Receptors

Central Controller in Brain Stem

你覺得吸氣比較重要還是呼氣比較重要?

Central Controller

Central Controller

Respiratory Neurons in the Brain Stem

正常情況下,什麼時候正常呼吸的型態會改變?

Central Controller

Central Controller

Effectors

你覺得吸氧氣比較重要還是排二氧化碳比較重要?

Chemical Control of Resp.

Central Chemoreceptor

Peripheral Chemoreceptor

Regulation of breathing in response to changes in blood PCO2, PO2, and pH (H+) via negative feedback control

Acid-base Balance

Effectiveness of a Buffer System

Bicarbonate

The Effect of Bicarbonate on Blood pH

Davenport Diagram

Respiratory Disturbances

Metabolic Disturbances

Compensatory Responses

Compensatory Responses

Rest-to-Work Transitions

Sub-maximal Exercise

Ventilatory Control During Submaximal Exercise

High Intensity Exercise

High Intensity Exercise

Oxygen Debt

呼吸系統是運動的限制因子嗎?

Do the Lungs Limit Exercise Performance?

Effect of Training on Ventilation

How to Increase Resp. Function During Exercise?

Immediate: Increased in Ventilation

Days: Decreased Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen

Days to weeks: Increased Hemoglobin Production

Respiratory Adaptations to High Altitude